Pelvis osea
The skeleton of the pelvis is robust and its main functions are to transmit the weight of the upper body of the lower appendicular skeleton axial and resist compression forces and other support resulting from the body, along with the provision of inserts powerful muscles girdle is a closed, formed behind by the sacrum and the coccyx bone, laterally and in front of the coxal bones. The bones are joined by hinges almost motionless, in the anterior portion of the pubic symphysis and sacroiliac joints later, lumbosacral and sacrococigea.
pelvic bone hip bone:
are two major bones of irregular shape and flattened, bone narrow in its central part and which carries a hemispherical cavity side down: The acetabular cup that is shaped and articulates with the femoral head. Have an oval opening, the foramen sealed.
Each hip bone is developed from the fusion of three bones:
· Ilion
· ischium Pubis
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The bones of infants and children consist of three bones joined by cartilage in the acetabulum; at puberty the ilium, ischium and pubis are joined to form the innominate.
The ilium: Esla top, flattened, which opens like a fan of the hip bone. Consists of a body that is above two-fifths of the acetabulum (Figure 2) and a wing that is the whole upper segment of the innominate (range): both sides are demarcated on the inner side of the arcuate line. The iliac crest, the edge of the fan, has a curve that follows the contour of the wing between the anterior and posterior iliac spines. The concave portion of the ilium above a lower quadrant.
The ischium: The back and bottom of the hip bone. Has a body and a bouquet. The body of the ischium helps create the acetabulum (forming his two fifths posteroinferior Figure 2), and the branch that ascends medially toward the pubic bone and helps to form the lower boundary of the hole plug. The union of body and field widens and forms a huge bump after the ischium is the ischial tuberosity, the small rear projection sharp, near the junction between the branch and the body is the ischial spine. The concavity between the ischial spine and ischial tuberosity corresponds to the lesser sciatic notch. The greater sciatic notch, is above the ischial spine and is formed in part by the ilium.
The pubis: a bone is angular, with an upper branch that helps form the acetabulum (Figure 2), and lower, which contributes to the bolt hole. The thickening of the upper body of the pubis up to the pubic crest, which ends laterally in an eminence called the tubercle of the pubis. The lateral portion of upper branch has the crest dentate (dentate line pubic figure 3).
The outer side of the pelvic bone shows up side down buttock, the acetabulum and the framework of the obturator foramen (Fig. 3).
• The posterior gluteal line.
• The anterior gluteal line.
• The inferior gluteal line (Fickle).
obturator foramen, is bounded by the pubis and ischium (Fig. 4). Body of pubis
articulates with the opposite side by an oval articular surface, face symphysis, the binding site of both bones is called the pubic symphysis (Figure 4).
The ischial tuberosity (Figure 3) has a smooth top and bottom rough.
The inner side of the hip bone is divided into two parts by the arcuate line (Fig. 3), which continues ahead with the dentate line. Above the arcuate line are three-fifths above the iliac fossa. Posterior two-fifths are sacropelvic face, busy getting ahead in the face headset.
The upper edge of the innominate presents the iliac crest (Figure 3), which measures approximately 25 cm in length. Begins at the anterior superior iliac spine, she has a middle line which separates the outer and inner lips. Shopping iliac ends in the posterior superior iliac spine.
The anterior border of the innominate describes a concave curve superomedial; presented from top to bottom: anterior superior iliac spine (Figure 3), a notch, the anterior iliac spine and a wide groove.
The lower edge of the face begins below symphysis and forms with the bottom edge of the bone opposite the arch of pubis (Figures 3 and 4).
The trailing edge shows from top to bottom: the posterior superior iliac spine (Figure 3), a small notch, posterior inferior iliac spine, the deep and wide greater sciatic notch, ischial spine, lesser sciatic notch and ends the ischial tuberosity (Figure 5).
Sacrum:
The Sacred, which looks like an inverted triangle is formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae. The base of the sacrum articulates with the L5 vertebra and its apex with the coccyx does. Each of the side surfaces of the bone has a facet which articulates with the hip bone. Subsequent to that facet rough is a large area for insertion of the ligaments that hold the sacroiliac joint. The upper surface of the sacrum is formed by the upper surface of the body of the vertebra S1y is flanked on each side by a transverse expanded as a wing called Wing. The anterior edge of vertebral body is projected forward and represents the promontory. The anterior surface of sacrum is concave and convex posterior. The posterior and anterior branches of spinal nerves S1-S4 sacral arise through separate holes. There are four pairs of anterior sacral foramina on the anterior surface of the sacrum to the anterior branches and four pairs of posterior sacral foramina on the posterior surface for subsequent classes. The sacral canal is a continuation of the spinal canal, which ends at the sacral hiatus. Coccyx The small terminal portion of the spine is the coccyx. Containing four fused coccygeal vertebrae. The base of the coccyx is oriented superiorly. The top side contains a facet for articulation with the sacrum, and two horns on each side that are projected upward to articulate or merge two similar poles that project down from the sacrum. These structures are modifications of the upper and lower articular processes such as those found in other vertebrae. Each side surface of coccyx is a small rudimentary transverse process extending from the first coccygeal vertebra. Coccygeal vertebrae vertebral arches are not, therefore, no spinal canal in the coccyx bone.
pelvic cavity:
The bony pelvis is divided into major pelvis minor pelvis or false or true (figura1y 6), by an oblique plane passing through the sacral promontory and the lines behind terminals (Fig. 7). The brim of the pelvis is defined by the level of the terminal lines (Fig. 6 and 7). The pubic arch is formed by the joint branch of the ischium and pubis on either side. These classes meet at the symphysis pubis to form the angle subpúbico, which can be measured by inserting fingers into the vagina during the examination.
· Now above the brim of the pelvis.
· Contains some abdominal viscera.
· It borders the front abdominal wall, iliac fossae in the posterolateral and L5 and S1 vertebrae at the back.
• The greater pelvic cavity is the lower portion of the abdominal cavity.
The pelvis:
· It is located between the narrow upper and lower pelvis.
· Contains the pelvic viscera, urinary bladder and reproductive organs such as uterus and ovaries.
• Limit the faces iliac pelvic bones, sacrum and coccyx.
· Bordered by the pelvic diaphragm musculofacial the underside.
• You have a huge significance obstetrics and gynecology.
The cavity of the pelvis is the true pelvic cavity that forms the lower portion of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The brim of the pelvis separating most of the lower pelvis. The brim of the pelvis is bounded by a border. The plan coincides with the line joining the sacral promontory to the upper edge of the symphysis pubis. This line is the anteroposterior or conjugate diameter of the brim of the pelvis, which borders:
· With the top edge of the symphysis pubis at the top.
• With the back edge of the pubic crest.
• With the dentate crest.
• With the arcuate line of ilium.
° with the edge of the wing of the sacrum.
• With the sacral promontory.
The lower pelvis narrow limits:
• With the lower edge of the symphysis pubis at the top.
· With the lower branches of the pubis and the ischial tuberosities of the anterolateral. • With
ligaments of the posterolateral sacrotuberous.
• With the apex of the coccyx in the back.
On top opening (Fig. 8), heart-shaped card, surrounded by the terminal lines, the lower pelvic cavity is continuous with the abdominal cavity. The lower opening of the pelvis (Figure 9) in a diamond shape, is limited behind by the apex of the coccyx bone, laterally by the ischial tuberosities and ligaments sacrotuberales, ahead of the pubic arch.
PELVIC ORIENTATION
In anatomical position, the pelvis is oriented so that the leading edge of the top of the symphysis pubis and anterior superior iliac spines are in the same vertical plane. Consequently, the top opening that marks the entrance to the pelvic cavity is inclined to head anteriorly, while the bodies of the pubic bone and the arch stands isquiopubian in a plane oriented nearly horizontal to the ground (Figure 10) .
PELVIC SEXUAL DIFFERENCES
The male and female pelvis are different in several respects (Fig. 12). These sex differences appear mainly in puberty and are related to the function. The main function of the pelvis is locomotive in both sexes. Sex differences are mainly due to the heavier constitution and increased muscle mass most men and adaptation of the female pelvis, including the pelvis for delivery
Although anatomical differences between male and female pelvis are usually clear, the pelvis of a given person may show traits of the opposite sex. Pelvic types are illustrated in Figure 13 are: Gynecoid circular, elliptical anthropoid form anteroposterior axis, triangular-shaped android based platipeloide back and oval shaped. The android pelvis can present a risk for women during childbirth. The size and shape of the brim of the pelvis are important, because the baby's head moves to the pelvis, through this opening, during labor delivery.
ginecoide The pelvis has an oval-shaped feature with a maximum diameter cross while in men is heart shaped. Ischial spines usually do not do much protrusion medially into the pelvic cavity in women as they do in men. In women, is most often blocked foramen triangular oval.
The female pelvis, adapted to the dynamics of labor in the upper opening has a diameter anteroposterior or OB (true conjugate) of 11 cm that passes from the upper edge of the pubic symphysis to the center of the sacral promontory. The transverse diameter passing through the widest part opening, crossing the conjugate at the junction of the posterior third with their anterior thirds and measures 13.5 cm. The oblique diameter, sacroiliac joint path to eminence opposite iliopubic measured 12cm.
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