KIDNEY Kidney Functions
The kidneys perform a variety of functions for the body, most of which are essential for life.
· Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance
· excretion of metabolic waste
· excretion of bioactive substances (hormones, foreign substances, drugs) that affect kidney function
· Regulation of blood pressure: this depends ultimately blood volume, which depends heavily on renal conservation of water balance and sodium
· , regulation of cell production, is done through the Erythropoietin and the kidney in conjunction with other bodies is producer of this
· Regulation of the production of vitamin D
· Gluconeogenesis: part of this occurs in the kidneys especially in prolonged fasting
basic renal processes
· Filtering refers to the process by which water and solutes in the blood leaving the vascular system through the filtration barrier and enter the space bowman.
· Secretion: The process of movement of substances into the tubular lumen from the cytosol of epithelial cells that form the walls of the nephron. Secreted substances may result from synthesis within endothelial cells themselves or crossing the epithelial layer from the surrounding renal interstitium.
· Resorption, involves passing the light through substances from the epithelial layer into the surrounding interstitium and then into blood vessels, for which this process involves removing the light materials and then into the blood
· Excretion refers to output a substance in the body, ie the substance found in urine that the kidney produces final. Location and shape
Normally there are two right and left kidney, which is compared with beans, which were distinct anterior and posterior, both upper and lower edges and two medial, low cut at the hilus and lateral convex.
The kidneys are located laterally to the spine, at the height of the last 2 thoracic vertebrae of the first three lumbar vertebrae. Foreign
The kidneys are located in the posterior abdominal wall, covered by posterior parietal peritoneum, are surrounded by the renal fascia which is formed by a unit of the fascia subperitoneal.
renal fascia: two anterior and posterior leaflets are attached to the renal pedicle and the connective tissue surrounding the vena cava and the aorta, these sheets extend above, bind and attach to the underside of the diaphragm and below are continuous with the sheath of the ureter, by this way a solitary confinement cell on each side, containing the kidney and adrenal gland.
renal fascia and fibro tracts, suprarrenorrenales fasciorrenales and help maintain kidney in place, but the effective fixation of intra-abdominal pressure is ensured by the abdominal viscera and the tone of the anterolateral abdominal wall.
· Kidney right: Cara
or above: is directly related to the bare area of \u200b\u200bliver and suprerrenal gland, the left side is covered by posterior parietal peritoneum is reflected face liver visceral this front and forms the hepatorenal ligament
or upper extremity: about this relates to the descending part of duodenum.
or lower extremities with the ascending colon and right colic flexure
or medial edge: it is related from the top down, with the adrenal gland, the renal pedicle and ureter. And in all its extension to the inferior vena cava.
or lateral edge: visceral surface of liver and diaphragm.
· Left kidney:
or Anterior: relates to the adrenal gland near its end supererior, and the body of the pancreas which is crossed at its middle horizontally, above the pancreas is related to the stomach by intermrdio of the omental bursa, and spleen renal face, below the pancreas is related to the left colic flexure, transverse mesocolon and descending mesocolon.
or medial edge: the adrenal gland, the renal pedicle, ureter, duodenojejunal flexure and in its entirety with the abdominal aorta.
or lateral edge: relates to the spleen, descending colon, transverse diaphragm muscle.
· Back side: This side is similar in both kidneys and it is identified in two parts
or diaphragmatic portion, is in contact with the diaphragm and arcuate ligaments, the tissue subpleural vertebrocostal through the trigone, and behind the costodiaphragmatic pleural recess.
or lumbar portion, is in contact with the psoas muscle and transversus abdominis, surface covered by the erector spine, internal oblique, latissimus back and external oblique.
The renal fascia is separated from the muscle plane pararenal fat, for which enrolled the subcostal and iliohypogastric nerve. Structure
The kidney parenchyma is composed of a membrane covered by a fibrous capsule form.
Among the fibrous capsule and the renal fascia celuloadiposa there a sheet thicker behind than before, especially in the lateral and lower extremity, this is called capping fat that cushions the movement of the kidney in body movements.
renal parenchyma presents two zones:
· The cortex, is yellow and dense appearance
• The bone: it is dark red and is divided into pyramids.
cortical columns are projected into the medulla, renal columns are in this area interdigitate with tapered and fluted formations ranging from 8 to 18 and are the renal pyramids.
vertices 2 and 4 pyramids converge and form the renal papillae, whose area cribrosa becomes prominent in the renal sinus, the lumen of the minor calices.
Part radiata is seen as clear areas that extend radially tapered base of the pyramids to the surface
subcapsular
The convoluted part is the one between the radiata and fibrous capsule, which contains a darker cortical substance, with the red dot of the glomeruli.
Vessels and nerves Arteries
Each kidney receives blood from the renal artery, both kidneys, right and left hilus project to the respective right to be longer, both cross behind the renal vein. On its way
renal artery emits lower adrenal artery and ureter.
Before reaching the hilus branches in:
· Ramos segmental anterior branch, which is divided into:
or higher or Rama or Rama
anterior superior or anterior inferior Rama Rama
or less above
These branches supplying parenchyma in front of the upper and middle calyces
irrigates the lower calyx
· Rama back, which is divided into: top
or Rama or Rama
or later Lower branch.
for anastomosis between the renal artery branches, and adrenal establishing the arterial circle perirenal communicates indirectly with the colic renal upper and testicular and ovarian.
interlobar arteries of the segmental
born, they ascend to the cortex between pyramids in the corticomedullary junction, these are divided into:
· arcuate arteries, which are bent on the base of the pyramids
interlobular arteries of the arcuate
born, marking the boundaries between the lobes and reach the renal capsule with its terms, intralobular branches emit penetrating into the substance of the neighboring lobes and branch into one or more glomerular afferent arterioles, which terminate each in a glomerular capillary network.
straight arterioles arise directly from the arcuate or interlobular and goes to the heart to form the peritubular network core. Veins
On the surface of the cortex stellate venules are converging on intertubular veins, which receive and intralobular veins join to form the arcuate veins and venules these receive lines in the amount of the pyramids and draining medullary interlobar veins, which converge toward the hilum to form the renal vein. Nodes
born
in the subcapsular network, which anastomoses with the capsular network subperitoneal.
Lymph is drained kidney hilum nodes from which goes to the lumbar nodes. Innervation
For renal plexus contains sympathetic fibers that comprise the splanchnic nerves, celiac plexus, lower thoracic spinal cord segments and two upper lumbar. Innervates smooth muscle of arterioles exerting a vasoconstrictor.
parasympathetic fibers of the vagus nerve originate
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ives Chatain, Jairo Bustamante B. Macroscopic Anatomy, Functional and Clinical. Bogota: Editorial Educativa, 1986. Douglas
C Eaton. JOHN P Pooler. Vander Renal Physiology. 6 ed. McGraw-Hill
VELEZ LAURA CATALINA GRAJALES
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