sympathetic trunk sympathetic trunks are two parallel nerve cuerdasd located along the spine from the skull to the tailbone. Are located in the neck behind the carotid sheath in the upper chest are ahead of the costal necks, while in the bottom of the chest are ahead of rib neck while in the bottom of the chest are on the lateral aspect of the vertebral bodies. In the anterolateral abdomen are at about the bodies of lumbar vertebrae and pelvis in the van in front of the sacrum. The two join the sympathetic trunk in front of the coccyx, forming the ganglion impar. Throughout
logs zonaas simpatcios small bulging observed. These collections outside the CNS neurons are simpoaticos paravertebral ganglia. Is normally distributed:
or three nodes in the cervical region or eleven or twelve
in the thoracic region or
Four in the lumbar region
or four to five nodes in the sacral region or the ganglion impar
ahead of the coccyx
nodes and trunks are connected to the adjacent spinal nerves by gray communicating branches in the thoracic and lumbar portions of the upper trunk. The trunks contain sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic fibers and visceral afferent fibers.
splanchnic nerves.
splanchnic nerves are an important part of the innervation of the abdominal viscera. They range from the sympathetic trunk ganglia sympathetic or related to the trunk and ganglia prevertebral plexus previous abdominal aorta.
There are two types of splanchnic nerves as a function of afferent fiber type carrying:
or thoracic splanchnic nerves, lumbar and sacral sympathetic fibers leading from the sympathetic trunk ganglia prevertebral plexus and also visceral afferent fibers.
or pelvic splanchnic nerves (parasympathetic root) carry preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the spinal nerves S2 to S4 to an extension of the prevertebral plexus in the pelvis (inferior hypogastric plexus or pelvic plexus).
thoracic splanchnic nerves.
There are three thoracic splanchnic nerves that go from node along the sympathetic trunk in the thorax sympathetic prevertebral plexus and ganglia related to the abdominal aorta in the abdomen:
or greater splanchnic nerve leaves the thoracic lymph fifth to ninth (or tenth) and reaches the abdominal celiac ganglion (ganglion prevertebral celiac related).
or lesser splanchnic nerve leaves the ninth and tenth thoracic ganglia (or tenth and eleventh) and reaches the ganglion aortorenal.
or inferior splanchnic nerve leaves the twelfth thoracic ganglion and reaches the renal plexus.
lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves. There
two to four lumbar splanchnic nerves, ranging from the lumbar sympathetic trunk and ganglia related to the prevertebral plexus.
Similarly sacral splanchnic nerves are the sacred portion of the trunk or parasympathetic ganglia associated and enter the inferior hypogastric plexus is a prolongation of the prevertebral plexus in the pelvis.
pelvic splanchnic nerves.
pelvic splanchnic nerves (parasympathetic root) are different. Splanchnic nerves are the only formed by parasympathetic fibers. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the spinal cord of the spinal nerves are S2a S 4 inferior hypogastric plexus. In a plexus fibers are directed from above, enter the abdominal prevertebral plexus and distributed by the arteries leading into hindgut. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers innervating the distal transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon in this way.
abdominal prevertebral ganglia plexus dependent.
abdominal prevertebral plexus is a bundle of nerve fibers that surround the abdominal aorta and its major branches. Along the prevertebral plexus are scattered bodies of the neurons of the postganglionic sympathetic fibers. Some of these neurons are organized into distinct nodes and some are distributed randomly. The nodes are usually associated certain branches of the abdominal aorta and are called the same way. The three main divisions
plexus related abdominal prevertebral ganglia are celiac plexus, aortic and superior hypogastric:
or celiac plexus is the accumulation of nerve fibers and ganglia associated with the roots of the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery just below the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm, lymph glands related to the celiac plexus celiac ganglia are both a single and two superior mesenteric lymph nodes aortorenal.
or aortic plexus consists of nerve fibers and related lymph in the anterior and lateral surfaces of the abdominal aorta from below origin of superior mesenteric artery to the bifurcation of the aorta in both iliac primitive: principal ganglion inferior mesenteric ganglion is at the root of inferior mesenteric artery.
or superior hypogastric plexus contains many small glands and is the final part of the abdominal prevertebral plexus before they continue in the pelvic cavity.
Each of these three plexuses plexuses leads to several effects, which may also contain small nodes. Usually given to these plexuses the name of vessels to which they relate. So the celiac plexus is described as the origin of the mesenteric plexus upper and kidney as well as other smaller ones that are several branches of the celiac trunk. Likewise plexus aortic plexus is secondary, as the inferior mesenteric plexus, the spermatic and external iliac.
inferiorly the superior hypogastric plexus divides into the hypogastric nerves that go down to the pelvis and contribute to the formation of the inferior hypogastric or pelvic plexus.
abdominal prevertebral plexus receives:
or fibers preganglionic parasympathetic and visceral afferent vagus nerve (X)
or preganglionic sympathetic fibers and visceral afferent nerves of thoracic and lumbar splanchnic.
or Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the pelvic splanchnic nerves. Parasympathetic innervation
The parasympathetic innervation of the abdominal portion of the digestive tract spleen, pancreas, gallbladder and liver has two origins of the vagus nerve (X) and pelvic splanchnic nerves. Vagus Nerve
The vagus nerves enter the abdomen with the esophagus as it passes through the diaphragm and innervate (parasympathetic) the proximal and middle intestine.
After entering the abdomen in the form of anterior posterior vagal trunks send bouquets abdominal prevertebral plexus. These branches carry preganglionic parasympathetic fibers and visceral afferent fibers that ship with other elements of the prevertebral plexus following branches of abdominal aorta.
pelvic splanchnic nerves.
pelvic splanchnic nerves carry preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from S2 to S4 spinal cord levels enter the inferior hypogastric plexus in the pelvis. Some fibers are directed superiorly to the inferior mesenteric portion of the abdominal prevertebral plexus. From there, these fibers are distributed with branches of the inferior mesenteric artery providing parasympathetic innervation of the hindgut.
entire system.
the whole system is a division of the visceral nervous system and consists of a local neuronal circuit in the gut wall. It contains sensory and motor neurons organized in two interconnected plexuses (myenteric and submucosal plexus) located between the layers of the gut wall.
sympathetic innervation of the stomach.
sympathetic innervation of the stomach is the following path:
o preganglionic sympathetic nerve from the spinal level T6 enters the anterior root out of the bone.
or intervertebral segment anterior root (which carries the preganglionic nerve) joins the posterior root and form a spinal nerve.
or Out of the spine, the preganglionic fiber spinal nerve exits through the white communicating branch. O
white communicating branch carries preganglionic fiber is attached to the sympathetic trunk.
or in the trunk sympathetic preganglionic fiber synapses but not running through the trunk and into the greater splanchnic nerve.
or greater splanchnic nerve passes the pillars of the diaphragm and reach the celiac ganglion.
or in the celiac ganglion preganglionic fiber synapses with a postganglionic neuron. O
postganglionic neuron reaches plexus nervous around the celiac trunk and follows the route of its branches.
or postganglionic fiber is the nerve plexus along the branches of the celiac trunk and supplies the stomach to reach the final point of distribution. This
or sympathetic nervous system stimulation can modify the activities of the digestive tract controlled by the enteric nervous system.
NERVOUS SYSTEM IN THE REGION AFTER THE ABDOMEN
lumbar plexus results from the union of ventral rami of the first four lumbar nerves (L1 to L4) and in half the cases of anastomosis of the last thoracic nerve (T12) . The plexus is distributed areas of the abdominal wall and genital lower limb.
Training: There is no uniform model of the constitution of the lumbar plexus as the variations are common, but what sets him apart from their branches of origin is the constancy of its terminal branches.
receives the first lumbar nerve (50%) an anastomotic branch of T12 and emits two terminal branches, iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves.
The first and second lumbar nerves are each a root that they converge, they form the genitofemoral nerve.
The second to fourth lumbar nerves emit each, an anterior and posterior roots. Previous roots, thin, merged to form the obturator nerve. The roots later join to thick form the femoral nerve.
The second and third lumbar nerves are also two fused roots that give rise to the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. Each
lumbar nerve is attached to the lumbar sympathetic chain of one or more gray communicating rami that pass under the arches of insertion of the psoas. The first two lumbar nerves are attached to the chain back by a white communicating branch.
Variations: plexus branches can be anatomists in many ways. There may be (1 / 3 of cases) an accessory obturator nerve, intestine, from the third and fourth lumbar nerves.
Location: plexus is located within the psoas muscle in the posterior abdominal wall. In the psoas occupies space cellulose (psoas case ") between the two portions of muscle origin, the portion that is inserted into the vertebrae and inserted into the alveolar costiformes.
In this space, the plexus is related to the ascending lumbar vein and the lumbar arteries.
Distribution: issues plexus collateral branches for the quadratus muscles (L1 and L3) and psoas major (L2 and L3) and terminal branches.
terminal branches: terminal branches of the lumbar plexus have some general characteristics in relation to her psoas muscle emergency and exit points of the pelvis. A. Emergency
psoas: at the outer edge of the psoas out the iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, lateral femoral cutaneous and femoral anterior surface of the muscle out the genitofemoral, on the inner edge surfaces of the shutter. B. Output
the pelvis plexus nerve terminals beyond the pelvic cavity by several points: the inguinal canal, lagoon and channel vascular plug. Either is possible departure areas hernias that may affect the nerves.
iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal.
The iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerve has a trajectory and a similar distribution. They originate in L1 and (50% of cases) in T12. Emerge at the outer edge of the psoas and head out and bringing down a parallel path, the ilioinguinal ilihipogástrico above. Retrorrenal fat walk in front of quadratus muscle, pierce the transversus abdominis and moving between it and the internal oblique to about the height of the anterior superior iliac spine, at which point follow a path somewhat different. Dan motor branches to the large muscles of the abdomen and sensory branches.
iliohypogastric nerve gives a branch lateral cutaneous and anterior cutaneous branch. The lateral cutaneous branch crosses the oblique and distributed by the outer part of the gluteal region. The anterior cutaneous branch continues the path of the nerve between the internal oblique and external oblique fascia; above the external inguinal ring pierces the fascia and is distributed suprainguinal and pubic skin.
The ilioinguinal nerve passes through the internal oblique muscle and enters the inguinal canal, running below the spermatic cord or round ligament, out through the superficial inguinal ring and is distributed by the external genitalia and the neighboring part of the inner thigh ; in women in the mountains of the pubis and the labia (lip nerves above) and in men by the skin of the root of the penis and the anterior surface of the scrotum (scrotal nerves above.)
genitofemoral nerve.
The genitofemoral nerve originates from the fusion of two branches of the nerves L1 and L 2. Punch down the psoas and applied to its anterior surface covered by fascia. The ureter and gonadal vessels cross it ahead. Always lined by the parietal peritoneum, is directed toward the inguinal ligament on the outside of the common and external iliac vessels. In a very variable is divided into a genital branch and one femoral.
lateral femoral cutaneous nerve.
The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve is formed by the merger of two branches from L2 and L3. Appears at the outer edge of the psoas major is directed outward and downward over the iliac muscle covered by fascia and enters the thigh inominada notch between the two anterior iliac spine or through the inguinal ligament below it. Pierces the fascia lata and distributed by the skin of the anterolateral thigh from the greater trochanter to the knee.
Obturator nerve.
The obturator nerve is destined to the adductor muscles of the thigh.
is caused by fusion of the anterior roots of nerves L2, L3 and L4. Carrying out the psoas by its inner edge and is placed behind the common iliac vessels and anterior to the sacroiliac joint. Once in the pelvis goes forward and down as applied to its side wall below the brim. Find the obturator groove and penetrating it emerges into the region of the thigh obturator splitting into two terminal branches, anterior and posterior. Obturator nerve
accessory.
10% of cases there is an accessory obturator nerve arises from L3 and L4 is the medial border of psoas major and supplies the pectineus through the vascular gap between the upper branch of the pubis and the femoral vessels.
femoral nerve.
The femoral nerve is destined to innervate muscles that perform hip flexion and knee extension in addition to a large area skin of the thigh, leg and foot.
is formed by the junction of the posterior nerve roots L2, L3 and L4. Sale of the psoas major by its outer edge and descends into the pelvis for the crack increased connective between portions iliac and psoas muscle covered by fascia and parietal peritoneum. Penetrates the thigh muscle on the lake, wrapped in the fascia of the psoas and placed in the femoral triangle. In this triangle gives most of its branches.
SUBMITTED BY: NATALIE RINCON Casallas
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